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Реферат: Внекласная работа по математике
Внекласная работа по математике
?aoa?ao ii oeeinioee
/ii?ao auou eniieuciaai e eae ?aoa?ao ii eeiaaenoeea/
Aaoi?: Aaa Ieiaaaa, 1 eo?n
Iaienai a aaeaa?a 1997,
caueuai ia 9 aaeeia /5 ii 5-aaeeuiie nenoaia/ a Eaoaeeneii oieaa?neoaoa ia oaeoeuoaoa oi?aaeaiey i?aai?eieiaoaeuneie aayoaeuiinou?.
Aeeyiea ycuea ia iiciaaaoaeuiua i?ioannu.
Aaaaaiea.
I?e e?aie iiiuoea iiiyou ioiioaiea ia?ao eoeuoo?ie e iiciaaaoaeuiuie i?ioannaie, iaiaoiaeii i?a?aa anaai ?anniio?aou i?iaeaio ycuea. ?cue yaeyaony ia oieuei n?aanoaii, i?e iiiiue eioi?iai iu iieo?aai aieuoo? ?anou naaaaiee i eoeuoo?a e iiciaaaoaeuiuo i?ioannao, ii-niaeanii iaeioi?ui oai?eyi (ni. ie?a)- oae?a e iniiaiui oaeoi?ii, ii?aaaey?uei iaoe iuneeoaeuiua i?ioannu.
Ia?aay eaay i?aaeaia. Ii?oe ana aaiiua i ia?eoeuoo?iuo ?acee?eyo a iiciaaaoaeuiuo i?ioannao iieo?aiu n iiiiuu? neiaaniuo io?aoia eee a?oaeo aa?aaeuiuo ioaaoia eniuooaiuo.
Aoi?ia o?aaoao iia?iaiiai iano?aaiey. Iii ia oieuei ia i?aaeaii, ii a ?ai-oi aa?a i?ioeai?a?eo ca?aaiio niuneo. Aieuoay ?anou e?aae oaa?aia, ?oi ycue- yoi n?aanoai, i?e iiiiue eioi?iai ?aeiaae au?a?aao naie iuouaiey e iunee, e ia eiaao cia?aiey, aaa ?aeiaae iiyaeeny ia naao . Eaeo? ?ieu ea?aao oi ianoiyoaeunoai, ?oi ?aeiaae aiai?eo eiaiii ia aaiiii ycuea, a ia ia eaeii-oi a?oaii ?
Ieai iniiaiie ?anoe.
Eeiaaenoe?aneay ioiineoaeuiinou ( aeiioaca A. Oi?oa).
1) Eiioaioey aeiioacu Oi?oa i eeiaaenoe?aneie ioiineoaeuiinoe.
2) ?cue n iiceoee eeiaaenoe?aneie ioiineoaeuiinoe.
3) I?eia?u ?acee?ee a neiaa?iii caiana.
4) Eeiaaenoe?aneay ioiineoaeuiinou e eeiaaenoe?aneee aaoa?ieieci.
5) Iioeaaoey inia?eaaiey aeiioacu Oi?oa.
Eaeneea.
1) Eeiaaenoe?aneea ?acee?ey ycueia
2) I?ioeai?a?ey ycueiaiai iiaaaaiey
3) "Eaaeinou au?a?aieee" ia ?aciuo ycueao
4) Iioeaaoey auai?a oaaoiaiai aini?eyoey ca iniiao a yenia?aeiaioa.
5) Yenia?eiaio oaaoiaiai aini?eyoey A?aoia e Eaiiaaa?aa
3. A?aiiaoeea
Iniaaiiinoe a?aiiaoe?aneeo oi?i ycuea n oi?ee c?aiey iuoeaiey ia yoii ycuea.
Aiaeeeneea aeaaieu. Oi?iu ycuea aeioo.
4. Eeiaaenoe?aneea oieaa?naeee.
Iiiyoea eeiaaenoe?aneeo oieaa?naeee.
Nenoaia enneaaiaaiey naiaioe?aneiai aeooa?aioeaea.
?aeaiea oiiaoe?aneiai neiaieecia.
5. ?ac?ia.
Eeiaaenoe?aneay ioiineoaeuiinou ( aeiioaca A. Oi?oa).
Ia aunoai o?iaia iaiauaiiinoe a ycuea ii?ii auaaeeou aaa eiiiiiaioa: naiaioe?aneee e neioaene?aneee. Aieuoeinoai ennneaaiaaoaeae, iuoa?ueony yenia?eiaioaeuiui iooai auynieou niioiioaiea ia?ao ycueii e iuoeaieai, anaaaa aaeaee oii? ia naiaioe?aneo? noi?iio a aooa ?aaio Aaia?aiaia Ee Oi?oa. A yoii neo?aa ca eeiaaenoe?aneo? ia?aiaiio? i?eieiaaony aiaaonoai neiaa?y, eioi?ui ?aniieaaaao ycue aey iienaiey aaiiie iaeanoe aaenoaeoaeuiinoe.
Ii?ii ii ?aciiio aini?eieiaou e no?oeoo?e?iaaou ie?, e ycue, eioi?ue ?aeiaae onaaeaaao a aaonoaa, ii?aaaeyao aai niinia aeaaiey ie?a e no?oeoo?e?iaaiey aai. Iiaiaiue acaeya any?anee iiaaa??eaae e ?acaeaae aia?eeaineee enneaaiaaoaeu ycueia, niaoeaeece?iaaaoeeny ia eiaaeneeo ycueao Aaia?aiai Oi?o, oi?ioee?oy iniiaio? eiioaioe? oaeei ia?acii: "Auei onoaiiaeaii, ?oi iniiaa ycueiaie nenoaiu e?aiai ycuea ( a?aiia- oeea) ia anou i?inoi eino?oiaio aey aini?iecaaaaiey iuneae. Iai?ioea, a?aiiaoeea naia oi?ie?oao iuneu, yaeyaony i?ia?aiiie e ?oeiaianoaii iuneeoaeuiie aayoaeuiinoe eiaeaeaooia." ( Oi?o,1960, n. 174-175).
N oi?ee c?aiey eeiaaenoe?aneie ioiineoaeuiinoe Oi?oa, ycue- yoi nenoaia acaeiinaycaiiuo eaoaai?ee, eioi?ay, n iaiie noi?iiu, io?a?aao, n a?oaie- oeene?oao ii?aaaeaiiue acaeya ia ie?. Ia o?iaia eaeneee ea?aue ycue eiae?oao, ycue- yoi nenoaia acaeiinaycaiiuo eaoaai?ee, eioi?ay, n iaiie noi?iiu, io?a?aao, n a?oaie- oeene?oao ii?aaaeaiiue acaeya ia ie?. Ia o?iaia eaeneee ea?aue ycue eiae?oao iaeioi?ua iaeanoe iiauoa aieaa aaoaeuii, ?ai a?oaea. Eiaaony iiaiea, ?oi anee a iaeioi?ii ycuea eiaaony oieuei iaii neiai a ea?anoaa neiaiea eaeiai-ieaoau yaeaiey, oi yoi neiai eaaei noaiiaeony eeanneoeeaoeiiiui i?eioeiii aey iineoaeae aaiiiai ycuea. Aio aaa aiiieieoaeuiuo i?eia?a, i?eaaaaiiuo Oi?oii : Ia?iaiinou oiie iaicia?aao iaiei e oai ?a neiaii ana eaoyuea i?aaiaou, e?iia ioeo ( iai?. naiieaou, ianaeiiuo, eao?eeia), a oi a?aiy, eae a aieuoeinoaa ycu- eia aey anao yoeo aauae nouanoao?o ioaaeuiua iiiyoey. N a?oaie noi?iiu, yneeiinu iieuco?ony ?yaii ?acee?iuo neia aey iaicia?aiey niaaa: iaaa?uee niaa, oaeue niaa, nooie niaa- oiaaa, eae iau?ii iieuco?ony iaiei neiaii..
Aeiioaca Oi?oa ia ioiioaiee ia?ao eoeuoo?ie e iiciaaaoaeuiuie i?ioannaie niaa??eo oaeoe?anee aaa ooaa??aaiey, eioi?ua noieo ?anniio- ?aou ioaaeuii. Ia?aia: a?oiiu e?aae, aiai?yuea ia ?aciuo ycueao, ii-?aciiio aini?eieia?o e iinoeaa?o ie?. Yoi ooaa??aaiea iieo?eei iacaa- iea eeiaaenoe?aneie ioiineoaeuiinoe.
Aoi?ia ooaa??aaiea auoiaeo ca i?aaaeu i?inoiai i?aaiiei?aiey i oii, ?oi a iiciaaaoaeuiuo i?ioannao nouanoao?o ?acee?ey, naycaiiua n ycueiauie ?acee?eyie. Ooaa??aaaony, ?oi i?e?eiie yoeo ?acee?ee yaeyaony ycue. Yoa aieo?eia eeiaaenoe?aneiai aaoa?ieiecia, ii nouanoao, icia?aao, ?oi nouanoaoao iaiinoi?iiiyy i?e?eiiay naycu ia?ao ycueii e iiciaaaoaeu- iuie i?ioannaie.
E?aeiea oi?iu eeiaaenoe?aneie ioiineoaeuiinoe e aaoa?ieiecia eiaee au na?uaciua iineaanoaey ia oieuei aey enneaaiaaiey ?aeiaa?anoaii naiiai naay, ii e aey eco?aiey i?e?iau, iineieueo iie iaaeooi cae?uaa?o ioou e iauaeoeaiiio ciaie?. Ana, ?oi ?aeiaae ia?a?eaaao e aini?eieiaao, a iaeioi?ii niunea i?iecaieuii. A yoii neo?aa iii naycaii a ia?ao? i?a?aau n oai, ?oi a aai ycueiaie a?oiia i?eiyoi aiai?eou i aiaoiai ie?a. Eco?aiea ie?a ia?aie?eeinu au oieuei oaie yaeaieyie e ?a?oaie, eioi?ua caeiae?iaaiu a iaoai ycuea e aicii?iinou iaiaia ciaieyie auea au anee ia enee??aia, oi aanuia ia?aie?aia.
Iiaiaio? eiioaioe? ii?ii inii?eou, ?anniao?eaay oa aniaeou ycuea, eioi?ua, ii iiaie? Oi?oa, ieacuaa?o aeeyiea ia iiciaiea e aini?eyoea. Ia?aue aniaeo eanaaony aii?ina i oii, eaeei ia?acii ioaaeuiua iiiyoey ycuea eeanneoeoe?o?o ie?o?a?uee ie? (neiaa?u eee eaeneea ycuea). Aoi?ie aniaeo- i?aaeea eiiaeie?iaaiey iniiaiuo cia?aueo aaeieo ycuea, eee a?aiiaoeea. Iiyou ?a ii iiaie? Oi?oa, yoe aniaeou ycuea naycaiu eae n iniaaiiinoyie eoeuoo?u ( iai?eia?, n ioiioaieai ei a?aiaie, eaaioeoeeaoee, eoa. a oie eee eiie eoeuoo?a), oae e n eiaeaeaoaeuiuie iniaaiiinoyie ) n i?ioannaie aini?eyoey eee iuoeaiey o ioaaeuiiai ?aeiaaea).
2. Eaeneea. Oaaoiaia aini?eyoea .
Eeanne?aneei i?eia?ii oiai, ?oi ?aciua ycuee ioee?a?ony a?oa io a?oaa ii niiniao eeanneoeeaoee aini?eieiaaiiai ie?a a eo neiaa?iii caiana, ii?ao neo?eou oio oaeo, ?oi ?aciua ycuee iaeaaa?o ?acee?iui eiee?anoaii neia, iaicia?a?ueo oaaoa, e auaaey?o ?aciua o?anoee oaaoiaiai niaeo?a. Oae?a ii?ii i?eaanoe i?eia?u eeiaaenoe?aneeo ?acee?ee a ycueao auoaoiiiyioouo oiie e yneeiinia.
?oi icia?a?o oaeea eeiaaenoe?aneea ?acee?ey? Anee a eaeii-ieaoau ycuea iao ioaaeuiuo neia aey iaicia?aiey ii?aaaeaiiuo yaeaiee, oi yoi ii?ao icia?aou oi, ?oi aiai?yuea ia yoii ycuea e?ae ia niiniaiu auaaeyou yoe yaeaiey n?aae inoaeuiuo.
Iaeioi?ua oaeou ycueiaiai iiaaaaiey i?ioeai?a?ao oaceno Oi?oa i oii, ?oi ionoonoaea eee iaee?ea eaene?aneiai ?acee?aiey niioaaonoaoao ionoo- noae? eee iaee?e? ia?oaioeaiiai eee iiiyoeeiiai ?acee?aiey. ?cueiaia iiaaaaiea naiiai Oi?oa-aicii?iinou ia?aaiaeou yneeiinneea neiaa, iaic- ia?a?uea niaa, n iiiiuu? aiaeeeneeo neiaini?aoaiee-naeaaoaeunoaoao ia ia?aoiii.. ia niio?y ia oi, ?oi eiiaaa iaeucy neiai a neiai ia?aaiaeou n iaiiai ycuea ia a?oaie e ?anoi i?e ia?aaiaa i?ienoiayo ecaanoiua iioa?e, oaeo nio?aiaiey e au?a?aiey oioy au iaeioi?ie ?anoe cia?aiey i?eaeiaea i?e ia?aaiaa aiai?eo i?ioea ?anoeiai ioi?aanoaeaiey neiaaniuo eaoaai?ee n eaoaai?eyie iuoeaiey.
Ia iniiaa iiaiaiuo enneaaiaaiee ycueia eeiaaena ?a?euc Oieeao (1954 , no?. 122) caaeae auaia, ?oi iaeaieaa aa?iia ?aoaiea aii?ina i eaene?aneeo ?acee?eyo ii?ii noi?ioee?iaaou neaao?uei ia?acii: ycuee ioee?a?ony a?oa io a?oaa ia noieuei oai, ?oi a ieo ii?ii au?aceou, neieuei oai, ?oi a ieo eaa?a au?aceou.
A?aoi e Eaiiaaa?a ( 1954) , aaoi?u iaiiai ec ia?auo enneaaiaaiee a yoie iaeanoe, i?aaiiei?eee, ?oi noaiaiu eaaeinoe au?a?aiey ii?aaaeaiiiai ?acee?aiey a oii eee eiii ycuea niioaaonoaoao ?anoioa neo?aaa, eiaaa a iauaaiiie ?ecie iaiaoiaeii i?iaiaeou niioaaonoao?uaa ia?oaioeaiia ?acee?aiea. Iai?eia?, yneeiinu iinoiyiii aie?iu noaeou i niaaa, a oi a?aiy, eae aia?eeaiou ano?a?a?ony n oaeei yaeaieai a ?aaeeo neo?ayo. Niioaaonoaaiii, ion?aa neaaoao, ?oi ?ai eaa?a neiaanii iaicia?aou oa eee eiua ia?oaioeaiua eaoaai?ee, oai n aieuoae eaaeinou? eo aicii?ii i?eiaieou a ?acee?iuo iiciaaaoaeuiuo aaenoaeyo e i?ioannao.
N?aae ?acee?iuo iaeanoae aini?eyoey enneaaiaaoaee A?aoi e Eaiiaaa?a eca?aee oaaoiaia aini?eyoea. Oaeie auai? ii?ii iioeae?iaaou ia oieuei oai, ?oi iiaiaiue iauaeo enneaaiaaiey yaeyaony eeanne?aneei, ii e oai, ?oi oaaoiaia i?ino?ainoai oaiaii enneaaiaaou iioiio, ?oi iii en?a?iuaa?- ua ea?oia?aoe?iaaii e ecia?aii, a iai auaaeaiu oece?aneea ia?aiao?u, n eioi?uie ii?ii niioiineou ?acee?iua nenoaiu oaaoiauo iaicia?aiee. A oaaoiaii i?ino?ainoaa a iai?a?uaiuo a?aaaoeyo i?aanoaaeaiu o?e oece- ?aneeo ia?aiao?a, ii eioi?ui oaaoa ioee?a?ony a?oa io a?oaa- oii, y?einou e ianuuaiiinou. Yoe a?aaaoee i?iecaieuii ?acaeou ycueii ia ii?aaaeai- iua io?acee, ?oi iicaieyao n?eoaou iaiaiue neo?ae eaaaeuiie eee?no?aoeae iauae eiioaioee aeiioacu Oi?oa i niioiioaiee ia?ao ycueii e aaenoaeoaeuiinou?.
Ec iiciaaaoaeuiuo i?ioannia aey yenia?eiaioa auea eca?aia iaiyou. Aaoi?u niioiineee aa n eaaeinou? iaicia?aiey eee eiae?oaiinou? a ea?anoaa ycueiaie ia?aiaiiie. I?e?eia yoiai auai?a, ii iiaie? ennea-iaaoaeae, ninoieo a oii, ?oi caiiieiaiea oaaoa io?anoe ninoieo a caiiieia- iee aai iacaaiey. A oaeii neo?aa, oaaoa, eioi?ua iiaoo auou eaaei e aaaeaaoii iacaaiu, aie?iu caiiieiaouny eo?oa oao, eioi?ua o?oaii neiaanii iaicia?eou.
Iiaiaiue yenia?eiaio aue i?iaaaai n eniuooaiuie, aiai?yueie ia aiaeeeneii ycuea. Aaoi?u enoiaeee ec i?aaiiei?aiey, ?oi ioiioaiea ia?ao eiae?oaiinou? e caiiieiaieai iaeiaeiai ia anao ycueao. Eniuooa- iui ii iaiie iieacuaaee 24 oaaoiua oeoee, eo caaa?a ninoiyea a oii, ?oiau eae ii?ii auno?aa iacaaou oaao ea?aie ec ieo. A ?acoeuoaoa auei onoaiiaeaia neaao?uay caeiiiia?iinou: ?ai aeeiiaa iacaaiea oaaoa, oai aieuoa a?aiaie o?aaiaaeinu aey aai eaaioeoeeaoee e oai iaiuoa niioaao- noaea ia?ao ioaaoaie ?acee?iuo eniuooaiuo.
Aey oiai, ?oiau auynieou naycu ia?ao eiae?oaiinou? e caiiieiaieai, n a?oaie a?oiiie eniuooaiuo aue iinoaaeai yenia?eiaio ia ociaaaiea. Eniuooaiue aie?ai a oa?aiea iyoe naeoia ?anniao?eaae 4 ec 24 oaaoiuo oeoae. Iinea yoiai oeoee oae?aeenu, e eniuooaiue aie?ai aue iaeoe niioaaonoao?uea oaaoa n?aae 120 ?acee?iuo oaaoia. Ca iieacaoaeu ociaaa- iey i?eieiaeinu ?enei i?aaeeuiuo eaaioeoeeaoee. I?e oaeeo oneiaeyo yenia?eiaioa iaia?o?eeanu neaaay naycu ia?ao eiae?oaiinou? (niaeaneai a iacuaaiee ii?aaaeaiiiai oaaoa) e aai ociaaaieai.. eiaaa caaa?o iaeaa?eee, i?aauyaeyy aey ociaaaiey oieuei iaio oeoeo, oi naycu ia?ao c?eoaeuiui ?acee?aieai e ociaaaieai ieacaeanu cia?eoaeuiie, ?oi naeaaoaeunoaoao i nouanoaiaaiee oaniie nayce ia?ao noeioeii e iaiyou?, a ia ycueii e iaiyou?. A naiia iineaaiaa a?aiy aeiioaca eeiaaenoe?aneie ioiineoaeu- iinoe a iaeanoe aini?eyoey oaaoa ia?eiaao iiaaa?aaouny niiiaie?. A oa?aiea aieaiai a?aiaie oaaoiaia i?ino?ainoai ?anniao?eaaeinu a ea?anoaa iauaeoa, eioi?ue oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?aaiiia?iuie oece?aneeie aa?eaoeyie e ea?aui ec ycueia i?iecaieuii ?acaeaaaony ia io?acee, niioaaonoao?uea oaaoiaui eaoaai?eyi, nouanoao?uei a yoeo ycueao.. Enneaaiaaiea, i?iaaaaiiia aaoiy aio?iiieiaai ( Berlin, Kay, 1969), iieacaei, ?oi oaeia i?aanoaaeaiea iaaa?ii. Yenia?eiaio ninoiye a oii, ?oi e?ae ec ?acee?iuo ycueiauo a?oii aie?iu auee ec iaai?a oaaoiauo oeoae aua?aou oa, eioi?ua eo?oa anaai niioaaonoao?o ycueiaui eaoaai?eyi eo ycueia, a oae?a oeacaou ana oeoee, eioi?ua iiaoo auou iacaaiu yoeie neiaaie. A ?acoeuoaoa aua?aiiua eniuooaiuie ''oieoniua oaaoa" (Aa?eei/Eye) ieacaeenu iaieie e oaie ?a, ia niio?y ia oi, ?oi a?aieou oaaoiauo iaicia?aiee ia niaiaaaee.
Oieoniua oaaoa ( caanu e aaeaa aac eaau?ae) ieacaeenu ia neo?aeii ?ani?a- aaeaiiuie ii anaio iaai?o oaaoia, a aonoi na?oiie?iaaiiuie aie?oa iniiaiuo oaaoia : ainuie o?iiaoe?aneeo e o?ao ao?iiaoe?aneeo.:
E?aniue( red)
Aaeue ( white)
?aeoue ( yellow)
na?ue ( grey)
caeaiue ( green)
?a?iue ( black)
neiee ( blue)
ei?e?iaaue ( brown)
i?ai?aaue ( orange)
?iciaue ( pink)
oeieaoiaue ( purple)
Ii iiaie? Aa?eeia/ Eyy , ii?ii naaeaou auaia, ?oi i?e ?anniio?aiee ycueiaiai eiae?iaaiey oaaoia ?aiaa iau?ii iia?a?eeaaeenu i?a?aa anaai ia?eoeuoo?iua ?acee?ey, iioiio ?oi enneaaiaaoaee caieiaeenu eco?aieai ?acee?ee a?aieo ia?ao oaaoaie, a ia oieaa?naeuiuie oieoniuie oaaoaie.
3. A?aiiaoeea.
?cuee ioee?a?ony a?oa io a?oaa oai, eae eo neiaa?e eeanneoeoe?o?o ie?, ii oae?a e ?aciuie niiniaaie eiiaeie?iaaiey ioaaeuiuo cia?aueo aaeieo. Yoe aeau eiiaeie?iaaiey, ii iiaie? A. Oi?oa, aanniciaoaeuii io?a?a?o e ii?aaaey?o oi i?aanoaaeaiea, eioi?ia i ?aaeuiinoe eiaao aaiiay ycueiaay a?oiia. Iai?eia?, aiaeeeneea aeaaieu i?eieia?o ?aciua oi?iu niioaaonoaaiii a?aiaiiui ?acee?eyi- i?ioeia, ianoiyuaa e aoaouaa. Yoi iayaoaeuiia oeacaiea a?aiaie niioaaonoaoao i?aanoaaeaie? i a?aiaie eae i aaneiia?iie eeiee, naienoaaiiii aieuoeinoao aa?iiaeneeo eoeuoo?, a oae?a ia ecia?aiee a?aiaie iin?aanoaii ?ania e eaeaiaa?ae.
Iai?ioea, a ycuea eiaaeneiai ieaiaie aeioo ( Eaeeoi?iey) aeaaieu ?acee?a?ony ii noaiaie ainoiaa?iinoe aaenoaey, eioi?ia iie au?a?a?o. Eiaaa ?a?u eaao i niauoee, ecaanoiii n ?o?eo neia, oi oiio?aaeyaony iaei aeaaie, eiaaa ?a nai aiai?yuee aue naeaaoaeai niauoey, oi oiio?aaeyaony a?oaie, ia iaiiei?aiiie, a oieuei neiiieie?iue. Oaeei ia?acii, naeaaoaeu i?anooieaiey '' oneuoeo" auno?ae n iiiiuu? neiaa, ioee?iiai io oiai, eioi?ui yoi naaeaao iieeoaeneee, aaaouee i?ioieie.
Oi?o e a?oaea aaoi?u, iiaaa??eaa?uea aai oi?eo c?aiey, eia?o neeiiiinou oaa?aaou a oii, ?oi ycueiaua eaoaai?ee ieacuaa?o iaecaa?iia aeeyiea ia iuoeaiea ?aeiaaea, ii i iuoeaiee iiyou ?a noayo ia iniiaa ycueiauo i?aanoaaeaieyo e eaoaai?eyo. Iacaaeneiuo io ycuea aaiiuo i iiciaaaoaeuiuo i?ioannao ia i?aaeaaaaony. Oaeei ia?acii, i?eoiaeony noaeou i i?ioannao iuoeaiey ia iniiaa iaueo oa?aeoa?enoee eoeuoo?u, cia?aiea eioi?uo ii?ii enoieeiaaou ii ?aciiio, eeai ia iniiaa eaeeo-eeai a?oaeo ycueiauo aaiiuo, eioi?ua i?aaiiei?eoaeuii eia?o ioiioa- iea e iiciaaaoaeuiui i?ioannai..
4. Eeiaaenoe?aneea oieaa?naeee.
Nouanoao?o iaeioi?ua i?aaiiei?aiey i iaee?ee iaeioi?uo niiniaia eiae?iaaiey iiuoa, eioi?ua yaey?ony iaueie aey anao ycueia, ia niio?y ia eo ?aciiiia?acea. Yoe i?aaiiei?aiey ninoaaey?o aeiioaco i eeiaaenoe?aneeo oieaa?naeeyo.
Oiiiyiooay auoa aeiioaca Oi?oa eiaao ioiioaiea aeaaiui ia?acii e oiio, eae ycue eeanneoeoe?oao aaenoaeoaeuiinou, ia ?oi ii oeacuaaao (aaii- oaoeaiia cia?aiea). I?e yoii nouanoaoao a?oaie aniaeo ycuea, au?a?a?- uee ea?anoaa iiuoa-?oanoaa, ia?acu e ioiioaiey, eioi?ua aucuaa?ony neiaaie, oi anou eiiiioaoeaiia cia?aiea ycuea.
Eco?aie? oieaa?naeuiinoe eiiiioaoeaiiai cia?aiey ycuea iinayuaii iaii ec naiuo iaoe?iuo enneaaiaaieee ia?ao ycueii e iuoeaieai. (Osgood, 1963,p.320). Auee enneaaiaaiu nenoaiu aooaeoeaiuo cia?aiee i?e iiiiue niaoeaeuiiai iaoiaa ecia?aiey- naiaioe?aneiai aeooa?aioeaea.
Iniiaiie yenia?eiaioaeuiue i?eai caee??aaony a oii, ?oi eniuooaiiio i?aaeaaaaony nienie ?acee?iuo eiai nouanoaeoaeuiuo. Caoai aaaony nienie ii?aaaeeoaeae-aioiieiia (i?eeaaaoaeuiua: a i?eaeiaea yenia?eiaio i?iai- aeeny ia aiaeeeneii ycuea, a eioi?ii a ea?anoaa ii?aaaeeoaeae aunooia?o i?eeaaaoaeuiua), iai?eia?: oi?ioee-ieioie, ai?y?ee-oieiaiue. Caaa?a en- iuooaiiai ninoiyea a oii, ?oiau ioaieou ea?aia iiiyoea n oi?ee c?aiey ea?aie ia?u ii?aaaeeoaeae ii naieaaeeuiie nenoaia iiaiaiui ia?acii: 1 icia?aao iaeaunoo? ioaieo a iieuco eaaiai ?eaia aaiiie ia?u ii?aaaeeoa- eae (a ia?aii i?eia?a- oi?ioee), a 7-iaeaunoo? ioaieo a iieuco i?aaiai ?eaia (a neo?aa ia?aiai i?eia?a-ieioie), inoaeuiua ioaiee caieia?o i?i- ia?ooi?iia iiei?aiea. A ?acoeuoaoa oaeoi?iuo enneaaiaaiee, i?iaaaaiiuo n aia?eeaineeie eniuooaiuie, aiai?yueie ia aiaeeeneii ycuea, auei on- oaiiaeaii neaao?uaa: iieo?aiiua aaiiua ii?ii iienuaaou a oa?ieiao o?ao iniiaiuo oaeoi?ia, eee ecia?aiee cia?aiey: oaeoi?a ioaiee (oi?i- oee-ieioie), oaeoi?a neeu (neeuiue-neaaue) e oaeoi?a aeoeaiinoe (auno- ?ue-iaaeaiiue). I?e yoii aicieeea i?iaeaia: naienoaaiia ee yoa naiaioe- ?aneay noaia eeou aiaeiaiai?yuei aia?eeaioai, eee iia i?enoua anai e?ayi, aia caaeneiinoe io eo eoeuoo?u e ycuea.
Aey ?aoaiey yoiai aii?ina eeiaaenoaie aue ninoaaeai nienie noa iiiyoee, ciaeiiuo anai e?ayi iiiyoee, aua?aiiuo n oi?ee c?aiey aaaeaaoiinoe anai eoeuoo?ai, a eioi?uo i?iaiaeeinu coi enneaaiaaiea. Nienie aue ia?aaaaai ia niioaaonoao?uea ycuee, e aaeaa yenia?eiaio i?ioaeae ia yoeo ycueao, n e?auie, aiai?eaoeie ia ieo.
Ia?u yoeo ii?aaaeeoaeae auee auyniaiu a ea?aie no?aia i?e ?aaioa n a?oiiaie nooaaioia, ia iniiaa ioaaoia eioi?uo auee iino?iaiu oeaeu ioaiee. Iinea yoiai iiaui a?oiiai eniuooaiuo auei i?aaei?aii ioaieou oiiiyiooua noi ii?aaaeeoaeae ii yoei oeaeai..
?acoeuoao yoeo enneaaiaaiee iieacae, ?oi no?oeoo?a eiiiioaoeaiiai cia?a- iey neia iaeiaeiaa ai anao ycueao, a oi a?aiy eae eiiiioaoeaiua cia?aiey eiie?aoiuo iiiyoee a ?aciuo eoeuoo?ao ?acee?iu. Yoe o?e ecia?aiey-ioaiea, neea e aeoeaiinou oa?aeoa?eco?o ioaii?iua no?aaiey eniuooaiuo ai anao enneaaiaaiiuo ycueao, oioy a ?acee?iuo eoeuoo?ao ioaaeuiua iiiy- oey ii yoei naiaioe?aneei oaeoi?ai ioaieaa?ony ii ?aciiio. Aaoi?u enneaaiaaiey neeiiiu iioeae?iaaou iiaiaio? noi?anou oai, ?oi nicaaiiua oeaeu ?aaeno?e?o?o yiioee, naycaiiua n aooaeoeaiie ia?aiie nenoaiie, eioi?ay o anao e?aae aeieiae?anee iaeiaeiaie.
Aieuoia eiee?anoai yenia?eiaioia oae?a auei i?iaaaaii aey eco?aiey aua iaiiai yaeaiey, ecaanoiiai iia iacaaieai oiiaoe?aneiai neiaieecia.-niioaaonoaea ia?ao caoeiaie oi?iie neiaa e aai cia?aiey. A yoi iiiyoea aoiaeo eae oae iacuaaaiia caoeiiia?a?aiea, oae e a?oaea aeau eeiaaenoe- ?aneeo oieaa?naeee.
Ii?ii i?eaanoe oaeea i?eia?u oiiaoe?aneiai neiaieecia: cayeaiua eoaeea euaa a aieaea (tinkle) e a?ii aa?aaaia a i?eano?a (boom). Yoe nei-aaniua au?a?aiey naiei cao?aieai iiiiaa?o ia?aaaou iaeioi?ua naienoaa eo ?aoa?aioia.
Yenia?eiaio ii onoaiiaeaie? iaee?ey oiiaoe?aneiai neiaieecia a ?aciuo ycueao i?iaiaeeny neaao?uei ia?acii.. 21 ia?a aiaeeeneeo neia-aioiieiia (oaieue-oieiaiue, oy?aeue-eaaeee) auee ia?aaaaaiu ia eeoaeneee, ?aoneee e oeiae e i?aaei?aiu aia?eeaineei nooaaioai, ia ciaaoei yoeo ycueia. Eniuooaiui aue niiauai i?eciae, ii eioi?iio neiaa ioee?aeenu a?oa io a?oaa e aaii caaaiea ii?aaaeeou, ?oi icia?aao oi eee eiia neiai. A ?acoeuoaoa n ii?aaaeaiiie noaiaiu? aa?iyoiinoe nooaaiou niiaee ?acee?eou cia?aiey iiiyoee.
Iai?eia?, eiaaa nooaaioai auea aaia ia?a aioiieiia oy?aeue-eaaeee ia eeoaeneii ycuea ( niioaaonoaaiii ch`ung e ch`ing) , oi eniuooaiua auee neeiiiu i?aaeeuii ioaa?aou, ?oi ch`ing -eaaeee.
?acoeuoaou aiaeiae?iuo yenia?eiaioia, a eioi?uo eniieuciaaeenu ia?u neia ia ?acee?iuo ycueao e ?acee?iua niiniau i?aauyaeaiey neia, aiai?yo i oii, ?oi eniuooaiua naycuaa?o neiaa n eo cao?aieai aa?a a oao neo?ayo, eiaaa a ia?a neiai eaaeee auei ia eeoaeneii, a oy?aeue ia ?aoneii.. (Klank, Huang, Johnson, 1971 p. 142 ). Aua iaei i?eia? caoeiaiai iuoua- iey iaoiaei o eeiaaenoa ?oeianeiai. Eiaaa ?aaaiea ni?ineee, eoi oaeie Aa?aaaui e eoi oaeie Ieeeooa?ea (acyo i?iecaieuiue iaai? caoeia), aue iieo?ai ioaao, ?oi Ieeeooa?ea yoi eoi-oi '' iaeaiueee e oi?ioaiueee", a Aa?aaaui- ''aieuoie, ceie e a?aieo". ( E. ?oeianeee. Io aaoo ai iyoe. 1937,no? 211-212.)
Iaeioi?ua aaiiua aiai?yo i oii, ?oi ia?ao aeaniuie caoeaie e cia?aiey- ie neia, oeacuaa?ueie ia aaee?eio, eiaaony naycu: auei iaia?o?aii, ?oi e a eeoaeneii ,e a aiaeeeneii ycueao aunieea ia?aaaea aeaniua ?aua ano?a?a?ony a neiaao, au?a?a?ueo iaeua ?acia?u. Niioaaonoaaiii, caaiea ieceea aeaniua -a neiaao, au?a?a?ueo aieuoea ?acia?u.
A oaeii, ?aaiou, iinayuaiiua naiaioe?aneiio aeooa?aioeaeo, neianoacee, iaoaoi?a e oiiaoe?aneiio neiaieecio aanuia oaaaeoaeuii naeaaoaeunoao?o i oii, ?oi iaeioi?ua noi?iiu iiuoa iieo?a?o iaeiaeiaia au?a?aiea a ?acee?iuo ycueao e eoeuoo?ao, eae au iie ia ioee?aeenu a?oa io a?oaa a eiuo ioiioaieyo.
5. ?ac?ia.
I?iaaaaiiue auoa iaci? yenia?eiaioaeuiuo aaiiuo, ioiinyueony e aeiioaca Oi?oa, noaaeo iia niiiaiea e?ao? neeuio? aa?ne? aeiioacu i nouanoaiaaiey eeiaaenoe?aneie ioiineoaeuiinoe. Iaiaei, ia niio?y ia iaainoaoi?iinou niioaaonoao?ueo aaiiuo, iieiia io?eoaiea iaee?ey eeia- aenoe?aneie ioiineoaeuiinoe iaeiae?ii. Nouanoao?o iaeioi?ua i?e?eiu, canoaaey?uea inoaaeou yoio aii?in ioe?uoui.
Ai-ia?auo, neaaoao ia?aoeou aieiaiea ia ia?aie?aiiinou yenia?eiaioaeu- iuo i?eaiia, eniieuciaaiiuo i?e i?iaa?ea aeiioacu Oi?oa. Ia niio?y ia oi, ?oi aey enneaaiaaiey eeiaaenoe?aneie ioiineoaeuiinoe ia iaoa?eaea eiaiii oaaoiaiai aini?eyoey eiaeenu aanuia na?uaciua iniiaaiey, iiaiaiay no?aoaaey ioi?au ia auea eaaaeuiie. Aanuia aa?iyoii, ?oi aeeyiea ia?oaioeaiiai iiuoa a aieuoie ia?a caaeneo io ii?aaaeaiiuo y?ei au?a?aiiuo e iaeciaiiuo naienoa noeioeia e iaei ?oanoaeoaeuii ii ioiioaie? e ?aciiia?ace?, aaiaeiiio ycueii.. caanu eia?ony a aeao oaeea yaeaiey, eae, iai?eia?, nioeaeuiua ?iee : i?eciaee, ii?aaaey?uea eaoaai?ee e?aae, onoaiaaeeaa?ony ia i?e?iaie, a eoeuoo?ie- a ioee?ee io e?eoa?eaa, ii?aaaey?ueo oaaoa. A noa?a eaaieiaee e aooiaiie eoeuoo?u iiiyoe i?eia?aoa?o naia cia?aiea a aieuoae ia?a aeaaiaa?y oiio, ?oi iie aee??aiu a neiaaniua iauynieoaeuiua nenoaiu.. eiaiii caanu ycue ii?ao ea?aou aa?iaeoo? ?ieu a ii?aaaeaiee i?aanoaaeaiee i ie?a, ieacuaaou aeeyiea ia i?ioannu iaiyoe e iuoeaiey ?aeiaaea, niinianoaiaaou iiieiaie? e iaiiieiaie? a?oaeo eoeuoo?.
Ai-aoi?uo, aaiiino?aoey oieaa?naeuiinoe ioiioaiee ia?ao ioaaeuiuie aniaeoaie ycuea e iiciaaaoaeuiuie i?ioannaie ioi?au ia nieiaao i?iaeaiu ia?eoeuoo?iuo ?acee?ee. A oii, ?oi a e?aie iaeanoe ?aeiaa?an- eiai iiuoa nouanoao?o eae oieaa?naeee, oae e ?acee?ey (ioiineoaeuiinoe), ia iaycaoaeuii neaaoao oniao?eaaou ia?aaien.. A oiaa ana aic?anoa?uaai eiee?anoaa enneaaiaaiee acaeiiioiioaiee ia?ao ycueii e iuoeaieai iaia?o?eaaaony iiiaiia?acea e nei?iinou iiaiaiuo acaeiiioiioaiee. Eo iiieiaiea aoaao oaaee?eaaouny ii ia?a oiai, eae oai?aoe?aneea e ia?eoeu- oo?iua enneaaiaaiey aoaoo ?ane?uaaou oieaa?naeuiua e ?anoiua aniaeou yoeo ?aciiia?aciuo ioiioaiee.
A-o?aoueo, oioy i?aaiiei?aiey Oi?oa i aeeyiee ii?aaaeaiiuo aniaeoia ycuea ia iiciaaaoaeuiua i?ioannu, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy nouanoao?o aieaa ia?niaeoeaiua iooe aey enneaaiaaiey yoie eeanne?aneie i?iaeaiu. I?e enneaaiaaiee yenia?eiaioia A?aoia e Eaiiaaa?aa, iai?aaeaiiuo ia auynia- iea nayce ia?ao eiae?oaiinou? oaaoia e eo caiiieiaieai, ii?ii ioiaoeou, ?oi i?aaiieaaaaiia aeeyiea ycuea i?iyaeyaony oieuei a i?ioanna ii?aaaeaiiie aa?aaeuiie aayoaeuiinoe eniuooaiiai. Ieeoi ec enneaaiaa- oaeae ia n?eoaao, ?oi oi?iinou ociaaaiey caaeneo io neia eae noaoe?aneeo iineoaeae eioi?iaoee- auei iia?a?eiooi oi, ?oi eniuooaiue aaeae ni neiaaie. Yoe iaae?aaiey i?eaaee e auaiao, ?oi aey iiciaaaoaeuiuo i?ioannia iiaoo eiaou aa?iia cia?aiea ?acee?ey a eniieuciaaiee ycuea. A iineaaiaa a?aiy yoe ?acee?ey oae?a noaee iauaeoii aieaa oaeoaeaiiiai eco?aiey.
Iiaaiay eoia, ii?ii neacaou, ?oi ycue iaeucy iiiyou aia oao ooieoee, eioi?ue ii auiieiyao eae n?aanoai ?aeiaa?aneie eiiioieeaoee, caaenyuae io nioeaeuiiai eiioaenoa, a eioi?ii iia inouanoaeyaony.
Izmantotas literaturas saraksts:
A?. A?oia?. Ineoieiaey iiciaiey. Ca i?aaaeaie iaiin?aanoaaiiie eioi?iaoee. Eca. "I?ia?ann", I. 1977 411 no?.
Oi?o A. E. Iaoea e ycueiciaiea // Iiaia a eeiaaenoeea. aui. 1 I7, EE, 1960 no?. 169-182
Brown R. Words and Things. New York, The Free Press, 1958. 220 pages.
Hockett Ch. Chinese versus English: an exploration of the Whorfian theses. // Hojer H. (Ed) Language in Culture. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1954, 119-126
Brown R. Lenneberg E.H. A study of language and cognition. // Journal of Abnormal and Social psychology. 1955. Pgs. 454-462
Ch. Osgood. Language universals and psycholinguistics// Greenberg J.H. Universals of language. Cambridge, the M.I.T Press, England, 1963. P.299-322
Klank J.K. Huang Y.H., Johnson R.C. determinants of success in matching word pairs in test of phonetic symbolism.//Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 1971, p. 140-148
E. ?oeianeee. Io aaoo ai iyoe. Aaoecaao, I. 1937, 358 no?
I?e aicieeiiaaiee e?auo aii?inia iaieoeoa iia:
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